Club Science

A  wax fire  is created when melted or boiling  wax  is doused in water.   In the case of wax melted down, only the top surface has access to oxygen, so the fire progresses slowly. When water is added to the wax, two things happen. Firstly, the water — being denser than wax — sinks to the bottom of the container. Secondly, as burning wax quickly reaches a temperature of well over 200 degrees C, the water instantly vapourises. When water changes from a liquid to a gas, there is more than a thousand-fold increase in volume. The water expands violently, and throws the hot wax layer above it into the air as small droplets. The wax now has a much bigger surface area exposed to oxygen so combustion takes place very quickly.

Engineering is the creative application of science, mathematical methods, and empirical evidence to the innovation, design, construction, operation and maintenance of structures, machines, materials, devices, systems, processes, and organizations. The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more specialized fields of engineering, each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of applied mathematics, applied science, and types of application. Engineering is often characterized as having four main branches : chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering.In the engineering design process, engineers apply mathematics and sciences such as physics to find novel solutions to problems or to improve existing solutions. More than ever, engineers are now required to have a proficient knowledge of relevant sciences for their design projects.

Technology is a capability given by the practical application of knowledge. In this sense, technology describes the product of engineering, rather than the engineering process itself whereas engineering is the application of scientific methods to solve discrete problems. So while the two terms overlap substantially, they are distinct where technology refers purely to results and engineering refers purely to process.

Concave Mirror: If a hollow sphere is cut into parts and the outer surface of the cut part is coated with something that is very smooth. Then it becomes a mirror with its inner surface as the reflecting surface This kind of mirror is known as concave mirror. Light converges at a point when it strikes and reflects back from the reflecting surface of concave mirror. Hence, it is also known as converging mirror.  When concave mirror is placed very close to the object, a magnified and virtual image is obtained. But if we increase the distance between the object and the mirror then the size of the image reduces and a real image is formed. So the image formed by concave mirror can be small or large and it can also be real  Concave Mirror Ray Diagram   : When an object the is placed at infinity, a real image is formed at the focus. The size of the image is much smaller as compared to that of the object. When an object is placed behind the center of curvature, a real image is form

CONVEX LENS Convex lens is thicker at the centre and thinner at the edges. An optical lens is generally made up of two spherical surfaces. If those surfaces are bent outwards, the lens is called a  biconvex lens  or simply convex lens. These type of lenses can converge a beam of light coming from outside and focus it to a point on the other side. This point is known as the focus and the distance between the centre of the lens to the focus is called the  focal length of convex lens.  However, if one of the surfaces is flat and the other convex, then it is called a  plano-convex lens. Difference between convex and concave lens: There is another type of lens known as concave lens. The major differences between the two are: CONVEX CONCAVE This lens converges a straight beam of light. This lens diverges a straight beam of light. This lens is thicker at the centre and gets thinner as we move towards the edges. This lens is thinner at the centre and gets thicke

Science is the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. In simple terms, science is what we do to find out about the natural world. It is the total of physics, chemistry, biology, geology and astronomy and related areas. Science makes use of mathematics, and it makes observations and experiments. Science produces accurate facts, scientific laws and theories. 'Science' also refers to the large amount of knowledge that has been found using this process called the scientific methods.  Science is curiosity in thoughtful action about the world and how it behaves. If an idea, or hypothesis, correctly predicts how something will behave, it is called a theory. People who study and research science and try to find out everything about it are called scientists. Scientists study things by looking at them very carefully, by measuring them, and by doing experime

Zoology practical syllabus

          5 Amazing Science   Facts That Will Blow Your Mind 1. There is enough DNA in the average person’s body to stretch from the sun to Pluto and back — 17 times The  human genome  (the genetic code in each human cell) contains 23 DNA molecules (called chromosomes), each containing from 500,000 to 2.5 million nucleotide pairs. DNA molecules of this size are 1.7 to 8.5 cm long when uncoiled — about 5 cm on average. There are about  37 trillion cells  in the human body, so if you were to uncoil all of the DNA encased in each cell and place the molecules end to end, it would sum to a total length of 2×10 14  meters —  enough for 17 Pluto round-trips  ( t he distance from the sun to Pluto and then back again is  1.2×10 13  meters). As an added bonus, you should know that we each share 99% of our DNA with every other human — just to show that we’re far more alike than different. 2. The average human body carries ten times more bacterial cells than human cells It’s funny how

History of Nobel prize Nobel awards had started giving in the name of Alfred Nobel from 1901 onwards. It is given in six areas such as literature,peace,biology,physics,chemistry,economics. Nobel for economics started from 1969 onwards. It is based on the 300th anniversary of riks bank of Switzerland. Therefore this prize also known as bank of Sweden prize. It is the only award which have no connection with Alfred Nobel. The prize is distributed for winners in Stockholm,the capital of Switzerland except for peace. It is on death anniversary of Alfred, December 10.

what happens to our body when we are in angry???? When   we   get   angry , the heart rate, arterial tension and testosterone production increases, cortisol (the stress hormone) decreases, and the left hemisphere of the brain becomes more stimulated. ... There is an increase in heart rate, arterial tension and testosterone, but the cortisol level decreases.

The Beckmann rearrangement named after the German chemist Ernst Otto Beckmann is a rearrangement of oxime functional group to substituted amides .The rearrangement has also successfully performed on nitrons and haloimines .Cyclic oximes and haloimines yield lactams. This rearrangement is often catalysed by acid ,however other reagentshave been known to promote  the rearrangement .These include tosyl chloride,thionyl chloride,phosphorus pentachloride,phosphorus pentoxide,tri ethyl ammine.                                              Clubscience                                              Ryan Rahman

The skin as a sense organ,perceives all kind of touch sensations as signals.These signals are sent to brain ,are interpreted and the body reacts accordingly.The brain can differentiate between the touch stimuli that we create ourselves and stimuli given by others .If we try to tickle ourselves ,our brain anticipates this type of touch from our hands and prepare itself for it.Since the element unexpectedness is missing ,the body does not respond the same way as it would if someone else were to tickle                                            Clubscience                                            Ryan Rahman

Hawkings radiation is a black body radiation that is predicted to be released from black holes,due to quantum effect near the event horizon.It is named after English physicist Stephen Hawking who provided theoretical argument for its existence in 1974.Hawkings work helped to explain the result of Jacob Bekenstein who had predicted that black hole should have finite entropy. Hawkings radiation reduces the mass and energy of black hole and is known as BLACK HOLE EVAPORATION .Because of this black hole dont gain mass through other means are expected to shrink and vanish.This is abroad topic which is with many theories and predictions.                                         Clubscience                                         Ryan Rahman

In polar regions like Alaska  and Northern Canada a splendid display of colours is seen in the sky.An explanation for this phenomenon is: During a solar flare ,a large number of electrons and protons are ejected from the sun.Some of them get trapped in the earth's magnetic field and move in helical path along the field lines .The field lines come closer to each other near the magnetic poles .Hence the density of charges increases near the poles .These particles collide with atoms and molecules of the atmosphere.Excited oxygen atoms emit green light and excited nitrogen atoms emits pink light.This phenomenon is called Aurora Borealis in physics                                                        Clubscience                                         Ryan Rahman

                              FACT Tooth is the only part in our body that can't repair itself

Little deeds of kindness, little words of love, Make our earth an Eden, like the heaven above.                      Julia F Carney

"TIME IS WHAT CLOCK READS"               Albert  Einstein

click the file to download the botany plus one and plus two lab syllabus. BOTANY LAB SYLLABUS

A quark is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei.                                                 Quark , any member of a group of elementary subatomic particles that interact by means of the strong force and are believed to be among the fundamental constituents of matter. Quarks associate with one another via the strong force to make up protons and neutrons, in much the same way that the latter particles combine in various proportions to make up atomic nuclei. There are six types, or flavours, of quarks that differ from one another in their mass and charge characteristics. These six quark flavours can be grouped in three pairs: up and down, charm and strange, and top and bottom. Quarks appear to be true elementary particles; that is, they have no apparent structure and cannot be resolved into something

Ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country. John F Kennedy

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Albert and Bernard just become friends with Cheryl,and they want to  know when her birthday is.Cheryl gives them a list of 10 possible dates                      May 15             May 16            May 19                      June 17             June 18                      July 14              July 16                 August 14         August 15        August 17 Cheryl then tells Albert and Bernard separately the month and the day of her birthday respectively. Albert: I don't know when Cheryl's birthday is,  but i know that Bernard does not know too. Bernard:At first I don't now when Cheryl's birthday is,but i know now. Albert: Then i also know when Cheryl's birthday is. So when  is Cheryl's birthday?                      

Everyone hasn’t equal talents but everyone has equal opportunities to develop our talents. Apj Abdul Kalam 

Pain is temporary,it may last a minute,or an hour,or a day,or a year,but eventually it will subside and something else will take its place. If I quit,however it lasts forever. Lance Armstrong 

The Goldshmidt in 1905 discovers a method for the reduction of heamatite with aluminium metal. The process is known as alumino Thermidor process, as large heat is produced in this reaction. In this process heamatite and aluminium are taken in the ratio 3:1 and this mixture is known as thermite,is ignited to initiate the reaction ,when heamatite is reduced to molten iron(Fe).

The  Hoopes process  is a metallurgical process, used to obtain the aluminium metal of very high purity. The process was patented by  William Hoopes , a chemist of the  Aluminum Company of America  (ALCOA) in 1925. Aluminium obtained by this process is 99.9% pure. The cell used for this purpose contain three layers. The upper layer is pure aluminium act as cathode,the middle layer is the mixture of fluorides of aluminium and barium which act as electrolyte . The lowest layer is impure anode act as anode. On electrolysis pure aluminium is transferred from bottom to top layer.